Three dimensional display

ABSTRACT

The invention provides an improved means for displaying computer generated hologram (CGH). Images appearing in the image volume are realised as a set of planar facets that approximate to the shape of the original object to be displayed. These facets are populated with points, that act as the visible parts of the displayed image. When an object is displayed, certain facets will not be face on the viewing zone. This will result in an apparent surplus of points on these facets, which is wasteful of computing effort. The current invention thus provides for certain facets to be denuded of points if these facets are not presented face on to the viewing zone of the CGH. The invention is mainly applicable for producing CGHs using the interference based algorithm, but can also be used in other types of 3D display that make up objects from an array of points.

This invention relates to a method of, and system for, representing three-dimensional objects. More specifically, it relates to methods of reducing the large computational loads associated with the computation of computer generated holograms when parts of three dimensional objects are not presented fully face-on to the observer. It also relates to systems capable of implementing the methods presented.

PRIOR ART

In performing the calculations required to display a computer generated hologram (CGH), it is necessary to populate the object to be displayed with an array of points that, when seen from a suitable distance, appear as a continuum. It is usual in computer graphics fields to quantize the object to be displayed into a series of planar facets that approximate to the actual shape. The points that make up the object are populated onto these facets. An observer viewing such an object from a sufficiently large distance will tend to see not the individual points but instead the complete object as if it were drawn with continuous lines or areas of colour. For this to occur there must be a sufficient density of points such that the eye cannot distinguish between adjacent points. The human eye can resolve two points if the angle subtended from the eye to the points is typically greater than one minute of arc (290μ radians). By knowing the minimum eye to object distance likely to arise, a minimum object point population density can be calculated.

It will be known by a person skilled in the art that CGHs are projected from a diffracting panel. In this specification this diffracting panel is known as the CGH design plane, or CDP. Each point making up the object requires some processing effort to be expended, so the point density should not be too great.

Problems exist with the current methods when a facet is not presented fully face-on to some viewing point. Unnecessary points result in more computation effort.

It is an intention of the present invention to improve image quality of objects displayed on 3D CGH displays.

It is also an intention of the present invention to improve the processing times required in generating 3D objects in a CGH display system.

STATEMENT OF INVENTION

According to the present invention, there is provided a method for representing a three dimensional object in a computer system capable of displaying the object in three dimensions wherein a surface of the object is approximated by at least one planar facet which has an associated point density, characterised in that the point density is reduced on the facet if a normal from any point on the facet projected towards the view volume cannot intersect with part of the view volume.

CGH display systems make up a complete image by generating a set of polygons, herein known as facets, each of which is planar, arranged to approximate to the true shape of the object being displayed. If the object has curves, then the smaller these facets are, the closer they are able to provide a true representation of these curved areas. These facets will generally be of differing sizes and will abut each other at different angles. In general, the facets will not be in a single plane, but will each be in a plane appropriate to the part of the object to which it is approximating. The facets will then be populated with object points. Each of these points forms a basic element of the picture, and taken together, these points make up the object to be displayed. Thus, some computation effort is needed to process each of the points.

One way of populating the facets with points is to merely assume that each needs to be populated such that the density criterion given above is achieved, i.e. populate every facet with points of such a density as to meet the criteria given above. However, as the plane of each facet is in general different, not all facets will be seen by the viewer face-on. This is because all 3D CGH systems have a limited angle of view of the object. Some facets will be able to be seen face-on by selecting a viewing point appropriately within the view volume, whereas others will never be able to be seen face-on. A facet can be seen face-on if a normal vector coming from it is capable of entering the eye of a viewer who is looking from within the view volume of the CGH system. In practice, the view volume is defined as the volume that is bounded by the planes defined by the angle of view of the CGH and two planes coplanar with the CDP that define a minimum and maximum view distance.

If a facet is not face-on to a viewer, then the viewer of the facet will see that facet as apparently brighter, due to the increased apparent density of points. This effect gets more pronounced the further the facet normal is from the viewing zone. The density will appear greater along an axis determined by the view vector and the facet normal vector, hence the point spacing can be expanded on this axis whilst still maintaining a sufficient density for the human eye to perceive the points as a continuum.

The current invention provides for the reduction of the point density of facets that are not face-on to at least a portion of the viewing zone, whilst still maintaining the apparent point density as seen by a viewer. This has the advantage that there is a reduction in the total number of points to be considered by the CGH computation process, a reduction in processing power, and hence cost, is achieved. This also means that it is quicker to produce a CGH.

Preferably, the amount of reduction, or dilution, of point density is directly proportional to the reduction in that apparent facet area that could be seen by the viewer. However, direct proportionality is not a requirement of the invention. A stepwise, or other reduction characteristic may have advantages, such as being quick to process.

CGH display systems are often not provided with a knowledge of the position of the viewer, so this cannot be used in calculating the dilution factor. Instead, a worst case scenario is assumed, where the viewer is assumed to be in that part of the view volume that has the best view of the particular facet being processed. That is, the facet is populated assuming it is being viewed from the point in the view volume where it appears to have the greatest area. This is the point where the facet will appear to be the least densely populated, and so must be populated adequately. In a CGH system, if a facet is not face-on to the viewing zone, then the point at which the facet is seen at it's largest will be somewhere at the rear face of view volume rear face.

The invention therefore provides a way to have the minimal density of points consistent with the resolving abilities of the human eye, yet avoid localised overpopulation or underpopulation of the object surface. The computational load is therefore reduced, and images can be displayed more quickly. The cost in time and monetary terms of displaying the image is reduced.

The invention is of particular use when implemented on a CGH system that uses an interference based algorithm. This is an algorithm whereby the CGH is designed to imitate the interference that occurs when a hologram is produced optically using coherent light.

According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of constructing a hologram comprising the steps of:

-   -   representing an object as a set of planar facets;     -   calculating which facets are not displayed face-on to a view         volume;     -   applying a density of object points to each facet, where a         reduced density is applied to those facets not displayed face-on         to a view volume.

The method of the current invention may be implemented as a computer program running on a computer system. The program may be stored on a carrier, such as a hard disk system, floppy disk system, or other suitable carrier. The computer system may be integrated into a single computer, or may contain distributed elements that are connected together across a network.

According to further aspect of the invention there is provided a computer generated hologram display system wherein a surface of an object to be displayed is approximated by at least one planar facet, the facet having an associated point density, characterised in that the point density is reduced on the facet if a normal from any point on the facet projected towards the view volume cannot intersect with part of the view volume.

This CGH display system may be implemented on any suitable computer system. In particular, this computer system may be integrated into a single computer, or may contain distributed elements that are connected together using a network.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the current invention will now be described in detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates a plan view of part of the display system, showing a facet with its normal vector N projected outside of the view volume, and a vector V projected into the view volume.

FIG. 2 illustrates the method currently used to find vector V_(min).

Each facet needs to be examined to see if dilution can be applied to it. If a facet is found to have a normal that intersects with the view volume then to maintain sufficient density over all points in the view zone, it should not have it's point density reduced, and so it will be given a dilution factor of 1.0. For convenience, the present embodiment projects a normal from the centre of the facet in question, although generally any normal can be used. As the facets are in general very small, there is little error in doing this. FIG. 1 shows a facet 1 being projected by a display system comprising a CGH design plane (CDP) 8 and a lens 9, and having a normal 3 that does not intersect with the view volume 4. The view vector 2 is defined as the vector from the facet centre to the point on the rear face 5 of the viewing volume 4 where the view of the facet 1 is at its maximum. As, in this example, intersection from the normal 3 with the view volume 4 does not occur here, the dilution factor can be applied to the point population to save processing effort.

To determine the maximum dilution that can be applied to the facet in question 1, the vector V_(min) needs to be found such that the angle θ between V 2 and N 1 is minimised. As a consequence of the geometry of the system, all vectors that enter the view volume 4 will pass through the rear face 5 of the view volume 4. The vector V_(min) will always lie on the edge of the rear face 5 if N 1 does not itself pass through the view volume 4. Thus V_(min) passes through the point on the rear face 5 of the view volume 4 where the facet 1 will be seen at its fullest. This point is found by a recursive, iterative, binary chop technique, discussed below.

The dilution factor d used in the current implementation is the cosine of the angle between these two vectors, i.e. $\begin{matrix} {d = {{\cos(\theta)} = \frac{N\quad{\bullet V}_{\min}}{{N} \cdot {V_{\min}}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

Thus, the dilution is directly proportional to the apparent reduction in area of the facet 1 as seen from the closest point in the viewing volume to the facet normal 3.

The angle θ will always be no greater than 90°. Therefore, d will always be in the range 0 ≦d ≦1. The point density on the facet in question is therefore simply multiplied by the factor d.

This reduction in point density does have other implications to the complete object being displayed. If a CGH display is used, then the electric field distribution over the CGH from all points making up the object is given by the equation $\begin{matrix} {E = {\sum\limits_{N}{\sum\limits_{p = 1}^{n_{p}}{a_{p}r_{p}^{- 1}{\exp\left\lbrack {\mathbb{i}\phi}_{p} \right\rbrack}{{Abs}\left\lbrack {N_{p}{\bullet V}_{p}} \right\rbrack}}}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

Here, the summation term N is the total number of pixels in the CGH, n_(p) is the total number of visible object points for the given pixel being calculated. a_(p) is the light amplitude for a given point p. r_(p) is the distance between the object point to the CGH pixel. φ_(p) is the phase for that object point. The term Abs[N_(p) dot V_(p)] at the right of the equation acts as an obliquity factor to ensure energy conservation. V_(p) is the vector from the object point to the particular pixel being calculated and N_(p) is the normal vector from the pixel.

If a reduction in the number of points making up the CGH is made, as per the current invention, then it will be seen that from equation (2), the total electric field E will be reduced. This has the effect of making the observed object appear dimmer. To counter this, the obliquity factor term Abs[N_(p) dot V_(p)] is modified by dividing by d for those points that are in facets which have been diluted. Of course, in general, d will be different for each facet.

Thus the electric field distribution equation is now: $E = {\sum\limits_{N}{\sum\limits_{p = 1}^{n_{p}}{a_{p}r_{p}^{- 1}{\exp\left\lbrack {\mathbb{i}\phi}_{p} \right\rbrack}{Abs}\frac{\left\lbrack {N_{p}{\bullet V}_{p}} \right\rbrack}{d}}}}$ where d is the dilution factor applied to the facet containing point p. Energy conservation over the CGH is thus maintained.

FIG. 2 shows the method currently used to find the vector V_(min). This is a vector from the facet centre 6 to the part of the view volume (4, not shown) where the facet 1 is seen most face-on. For a facet which cannot be seen fully face-on from anywhere, it will be seen most face-on from some point around an edge 7 of the rear face 5 of the view volume 4. The algorithm used by the CGH code finds this point by using a binary-chop method on each edge in turn. For each edge 7 it tests to see if the middle of one half can see more of the facet 1 than the other half. It then chooses the better half and repeats the test on that part and so on, each time getting closer until some arbitrary precision is reached. The cosine of the angle between this point to the facet mid-point and the facet normal is used as the dilution factor, as shown above.

The workings of the algorithm are as follows. The point along the edge 7 which forms the smallest angle from the facet 1 with respect to the facet normal 3 is found by a binary chop method. The midpoints of each half (A₁ and B₁) are tested and the better half is selected (the top half in this example). The midpoints of each half of this part (A₂ and B₂) are then tested and again the better half is selected. This process continues until the desired precision is reached.

Alternative methods can be used with the current invention. One possible alternative is to locate where the facet normal vector intersects the plane of the view volume rear face and then find the closest point on the rear face to this point.

The current invention has been implemented on an Active-Tiling® Computer Generated Hologram (CGH) display system, though any 3D display system could be used, if it is capable of displaying true 3D images, and uses arrays of points to make up surfaces. The computer system itself could be a standalone unit, or could have remote elements connected by a network.

The Active Tiling system is a means of producing holographic moving images by rapidly replaying different frames of a holographic animation. The Active Tiling system essentially comprises a system for directing light from a light source onto a first spatial light modulator (SLM) means and relaying a number of SLM subframes of the modulated light from the first high speed SLM means onto a second spatially complex SLM. The CGH is projected from this second SLM.

The full CGH pattern is split up into subframes in which the number of pixels is equal to the complexity of the first SLM. These frames are displayed time-sequentially on the first SLM and each frame is projected to a different part of the second SLM. The full image is thus built up on the second SLM over time. The first SLM means comprises an array of the first SLMs that each tile individual subframes on the second SLM over their respective areas.

Light from an SLM in the array must not stray onto parts of the second SLM not intended for it. To prevent this a shutter can be placed between the first SLM means and the second SLM, which masks off those areas of the second SLM that are not currently being written to. Alternatively, electrodes on the second SLM that cover the area where it is not wished to write an image can simply be not provided with a drive voltage. Thus any light that is falling onto the second SLM in these areas has no effect on the modulation layer. This avoids the need for a shutter system. The first SLM of such a system is of a type in which the modulation pattern can be changed quickly, compared to that of the second SLM. Thus its updating frame rate is greater than the read-out frame rate of the second SLM.

The Active Tiling system has the benefit that the image produced at the second SLM, which is addressed at a rate much slower than that of the first SLM array, is effectively governed by the operation of the first SLM. This permits a trade off between the temporal information available in the high frame rate SLMs used in the SLM array and the high spatial resolution that can be achieved using current optically addressed SLMs as the second SLM. In this way, a high spatial resolution image can be rapidly written to an SLM using a sequence of lower resolution images.

See PCT/GB98/03097 for a full explanation of the Active Tiling system. 

1. A method for displaying an object using a computer generated hologram display system capable of displaying the object in three dimensions in a view volume, wherein a surface of the object is approximated by at least one planar facet which has an associated point density, wherein the method comprises the step of reducing the point density on the facet if a normal from any point on the facet projected towards the view volume does not intersect with part of the view volume, and adjusting a total electric field distribution associated with the computer generated hologram by dividing an obliquity factor associated with the total electric field by a dilution factor, d, that is proportional to the reduction in point density that has occurred across the object.
 2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the amount of reduction in point density is directly proportional to the perceived reduction in the area of the facet that would be seen by a viewer. 3-4. (canceled)
 5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the computer generated hologram display system generates an interference based computer generated hologram.
 6. A method of constructing a hologram having an associated electric field distribution comprising the steps of: representing an object as a set of planar facets; calculating which facets are not displayed face-on to a view volume; applying a density of object points to each facet, where a reduced density is applied to those facets not displayed face-on to a view volume; adjusting the electric field distribution by dividing an obliquity factor associated with the electric field by a dilution factor, d, that is proportional to the reduction in point density that has occurred across the objection.
 7. A method as claimed in claim 6 wherein the hologram is a computer generated hologram.
 8. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the computer generated hologram is an interference based computer generated hologram.
 9. A computer readable medium containing computer readable instructions which, when read by a computer, represent a three dimensional object using the methods as claimed in claim
 1. 10. A carrier including computer readable instructions as claimed in claim
 9. 11. A computer generated hologram display system for displaying an object having an associated electric field distribution in a view volume, wherein a surface of said object to be displayed is approximated by at least one planar facet, the facet having an associated point density, said system comprised of a means for reducing the point density on said at least one facet if a normal from any point on the facet projected towards the view volume does not intersect with part of the view volume, and adjusting the electric field distribution by dividing an obliquity factor associated with the electric field by a dilution factor, d, that is proportional to the reduction in point density that has occurred across the object. 12-15. (canceled) 